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Lessons in Freedom: Barbaric Conduct in London

by Tibor R. Machan

The apparent murderer in London declared on a video that "The only reasons we killed this man ... is because Muslims are dying daily," he said in video aired by CNN affiliate ITN.

Of course, this is a dodge, once again: “we” didn’t kill this man. The guy with the bloody hands and cleaver did that.  And there was every reason to think this was barbaric: no trial, no evidence, no due process, no defense mounted, nothing.  It is in the jungle where matters are handled like they were in London this time.  That others carry on comparably is no excuse.

The mere fact that the apparent killer--and he admitted to being the one--spoke reasonably clear English doesn’t make this any less barbaric.  After all, many vicious murderers are well enough educated.  Nor is it any excuse that “Muslims are dying daily.” People are dying daily everywhere but none of that justifies going out and butchering other people.

And please don’t give me that ridiculous excuse of “blow-back.” That metaphor is absurd.  We aren’t talking about the weather! We are witnessing an out of control young man lash out in a most uncivilized fashion.There is no excuse for that.  If you cannot bring those you are charging with murder to justice, you need to stand down, not go crazy with a cleaver.  You need to insist on handling the situation in accordance with principles of justice.  Oh, I guess this was wild justice.  But that’s no justice at all unless nothing else is possible.  But in London if you know of a crime and work hard to bring a culprit to justice, it may take some time and patience but that what amounts to being civilized.  (Just consider how long many who are accused of a crime linger in prison or jail!)

May 23, 2013

We are delighted to present Lessons in Freedom, essays by Dr. Tibor Machan, for your pleasure.

Dr. Machan holds the R. C. Hoiles Chair in Business Ethics & Free Enterprise at Chapman University's Argyros School of B&E.

Visit his web site here...

Lessons in Freedom: Moral Bias at The New York Times

by Tibor R. Machan

The headline said it all: “Confusion and Staff Troubles Rife at I.R.S. Office in Ohio.” No mention of mendacity, of evil, of meanness, of vice, Nada.

For liberals their own pals are never morally amiss.  They may make mistakes, be confused and have troubles.  But guilty of malpractice never!  Only Republicans and others who do not share their own attitudes can possibly be morally, ethically defective. When a Republican votes for reducing increases in welfare budgets or subsidies or other support for what liberals consider right and proper, the problem lies with their moral fiber, their lack of decency and good will.  Not so with anything that liberals mismanage--that can only be due to some kind of technical malfeasance--”confusion and staff troubles.”

How do these folks manage, intellectually, to dodge the moral and ethical ire they are so eager to dish out at their opponents?

In liberal circles what is prominent when matters go awry is to give some kind of explanation--poverty, illness, ignorance, the bad influence of culture or the movies or whatever.  Liberals must--yes, must--always be basically good,  Their intentions are unfailingly impeccable.  They always mean well.  Accordingly, since it is the thought that counts, they are always innocent.  Hope, audacious hope, is what makes one a good person, never mind how botched up one’s actions and even beliefs turn out to be, never mind what actually is accomplished with one’s preferred policies!

There is a prominent moral philosophical doctrine that this line of thinking follows.  Immanuel Kant, the very famous and influential 18th century German philosopher, believed that human beings can only be morally good, praiseworthy, based on their intentions.  It is their thought that makes them decent or indecent, not their actions or conduct. What they actually do is irrelevant to whether they are good or bad folks because, and here is the essence of the doctrine, there is ultimately no choice there; we must do what we do.  Free will for Kant has nothing to do with choosing our actions, only with choosing our thoughts.  The mind is free, in this minimal way, but it has no practical impact on human action.  The world moves in accordance with deterministic laws, of physics, chemistry, astronomy, etc., etc.  We cannot change anything apart from what we think.  So we can only be credited for good thoughts, good intentions, of which liberals, of course, have plenty.

The story is rather complex but this is the gist of it.  This, mainly, is why The New York Times cannot even fathom liberals being morally guilty of anything. They always intend the best, never mind that they pay very little attention to the likely outcome.  In the end, outcomes just happen and we have nothing to do with them.

The IRS folks, for example, just did their jobs and the fact that those jobs contained the seeds of malpractice--given that selectivity is always involved in giving citizens exemptions and breaks and such--is irrelevant.

In contrast, Republicans and their ilk never think right.  They are worried about costs and whether a policy works and such, all mundane matters that people of genuine good will never bother about.  It is petty thinking, not the noble kind that liberals produce!

May 19, 2013

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Tibor R. Machan holds the R. C. Hoiles Chair in Business Ethics and Free Enterprise at the Argyros School of Chapman University. http://tibormachan.rationalreview.com/  & http://szatyor2693.wordpress.com/

 

Lessons in Freedom: My “I told you so world.”

by Tibor R. Machan

So all of us who have long concluded that big government--which is to say, government with wide, nearly unlimited scope of power over the population it is supposed to serve--is a menace, no better than a gang of embezzlers and extortionists, can shout out “I told you so.”  From the time of the American Revolution it should have been crystal clear that trying to solve the problems of a society with what government has to offer, namely, brute force (more or less subtly applied) is a horribly bad idea.  Yes, it was that even before but by then plenty of major interlocutors in political discourse knew it well.  Sadly, the governmental habit was by then so ingrained in most populations around the globe that getting rid of the habit became nearly impossible.

My own special area of concern has been government regulation, that insidious practice of meddling with people’s lives on innumerable fronts, and I have been watching just how addicted some leaders and public philosophers are to the idea.  So I read such publications as The Economist, Barron’s, Bloomberg Businessweek and the like almost religiously, perhaps because I am hoping against hope that the message that government regulations are nasty as all get out will in time sink in.

The most recent issue of The Economist has a special report on world banking and what jumped out at me when I finished reading it was the naivete of the final paragraph of the report: “Paradoxically, stricter regulation intended to tame banks that were thought too big to fail is leading to the creation of even bigger and more systemically important institutions.” (May 11, 2013, p. 18).  The futility of trying to fix economic problems with government regulation has been pointed out long ago--I learned it back in the mid 1960s from University of Chicago economics genius, Sam Peltzman--just as has been the futility of big government intervention itself, but even the editors of the normally sensible magazine, The Economist can pen sentences like the one above, as if they were making some sort of novel observation! They should remember a famous quip attributed to Albert Einstein, namely, “Insanity [is] doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results..”

Guided by the idiocy of the likes of Paul Krugman, thousands who chime in on the topic still believe that using the government to fix things is a worthy notion. The institution may have some merit for purposes of guarding our basic rights, as Jefferson and the other signers thought, but beyond this there just is no excuse for trusting it with any tasks.  (When I make mention of this to some liberal friends I often receive a list of state achievements such as the Hoover Dam, the TVA, etc. that allegedly would not get done if government were de-authorized; but all that commits the fallacy of the false alternative: we either have government intervention or nothing.  How about developing non-government solutions and institutions to address the problems?)

We could extend this discussion, of course, to all the current fiascoes, with the IRS and the Department of State, etc., where the classical liberal teachings have gone unheeded.  But I am sure readers can reach those conclusions on their own, at least here.

May 18, 2013

We are delighted to present Lessons in Freedom, essays by Dr. Tibor Machan, for your pleasure.

Dr. Machan holds the R. C. Hoiles Chair in Business Ethics & Free Enterprise at Chapman University's Argyros School of B&E.

Visit his web site here...

Lessons in Freedom: Why Free Will Matters

by Tibor R. Machan

Let me once again quote George Orwell, who reportedly noted that “Sometimes the first duty of intelligent men is the restatement of the obvious.”

The idea that without free will there can be no morality is one of those obvious facts that bears repeating.  It was Kant who famously insisted on this but others have signed on as well.  For instance, it is arguable a point made by Aristotle, too.) In an age that is highly respectful of the opinions of scientists, even opinions that do not arise from their work as scientists, seem to contradict this but even scientists have affirmed the point!

For a simple view of what nearly all scientists believe is that everything that happens in the world has to happen exactly as it does happen.  In short, scientists are supposedly committed to determinism which is, at least in its usual meaning, incompatible with free will.

Free will involves being the originator of one’s actions or conduct.  Unlike physical objects, plants and most animals, human beings are supposed to have free will in that they normally initiate what they do.  Their conduct is not fully explainable by reference to impersonal factors such as their genetic make-up, their history or race or gender, etc., etc.  They are, instead, agents of much of what they do, of their behavior.

Now this idea seems incompatible with how scientists view the world, although in fact scientists aren’t supposed to be prejudiced in favor of determinism or free will, for that matter.  Whether human beings have free will is something to be discovered, not assumed.

If nature is so constituted that it makes room for free actions, we human beings would be good candidates for being able to act freely, on our own initiative.  Why not? Well, some think that because everything is moved by something else, that holds for what people do as well.

But is this right? Do our thoughts, for example, about free will or political liberty or child raising all spring forth impersonally, without our own agency having a role in the process?  Is what we think about free will and determinism or anything else no different from the movement of the planets or atoms?  Or could there be some entities in the world that possess the capacity to initiate some of their conduct?

Perhaps one such area of self-movement is where human thinking and intending occur, in our minds, just as the criminal law and morality sees it.  If this is denied, what we believe about everything is itself just an impersonal event, not something we produce with our thinking!

OK, much more can be said about this but the gist of it is captured in the few paragraphs above. For now what matters is that if we lack free will, then we also lack personal responsibility.  We are, in short, not the source of what we think and do.  It is all que sera, sera!

But nature could well be rich enough in its possibilities that agent causality makes perfectly good sense.  Some, perhaps few, entities start to act on their own.  (This is a capacity usually ascribed only to God but there is no reason why people couldn’t have it!)

Needless to say, free will is necessary for moral and legal praise and blame as well as all the great varieties of creativity evident in human affairs, for good or ill!  This includes the activity of trying to figure out whether free will exists!

But one unwelcome results of the existence of free will is that millions of people could act differently from how they actually act, could have acted differently as well, etc., much better than they have acted.  Not everyone welcomes this for it leads to the idea that some folks are guilty of misconduct while others are praiseworthy for acting properly, even heroically.

In short, the idea of free will implies, among other things, that egalitarianism is false, something that those who would embark upon regimenting us in life do not like to admit.

We are delighted to present Lessons in Freedom, essays by Dr. Tibor Machan, for your pleasure.

Dr. Machan holds the R. C. Hoiles Chair in Business Ethics & Free Enterprise at Chapman University's Argyros School of B&E.

Visit his web site here...

Lessons in Freedom: Back to Basics Please

by Tibor R. Machan

In today’s climate of political theatrics it isn’t very easy to figure out where right stands versus wrong.  As Ron Paul points out at The Daily Bell, the Benghazi fiasco pretty much amounts to an illustration of the folly of the American government’s unending involvement in foreign affairs it should stay out of.  The way the Obama Administration works hard to obfuscate its role, how it seems (at least to me, who has been trying to follow the mess) to conduct foreign policy that reminds one of the three stooges, seems to be designed to operate like a magician who wants the audience to focus on distractions, never on essentials.

The idea that occurs to me when confronted with the mess is that those who have even the mildest concern for rhyme and reason should press the Obama people on one central topic: Do the rights of individuals concern this government in the slightest? Obama & Co., appear to view the Benghazi disaster as some kind of game, never mind deaths, casualties, professional responsibilities, etc.

The fact that four individuals were killed appears to be beside the point, merely a move on a chessboard.  And that itself appears to me to be the implication of this government’s disinterest in the most basic duty of a free government, namely, to secure the protection of the rights of the citizenry. Certainly no one in Washington appears to care about this. Every press conference evades the issue; it seems that the president just wants to wash his hands of any taint of failure, wants to make sure that the opposition party cannot find anything to criticize about his teams conduct in the affair.

What should matter in all this is whether the mandate to the government, contained so clearly in the Declaration of Independence, that government is instituted so as to secure our rights is being properly fulfilled.  It seems clear to me that it isn’t. That’s basic and very regrettable.

May 14, 2013

We are delighted to present Lessons in Freedom, essays by Dr. Tibor Machan, for your pleasure.

Dr. Machan holds the R. C. Hoiles Chair in Business Ethics & Free Enterprise at Chapman University's Argyros School of B&E.

Visit his web site here...

Lessons in Freedom: A Precis on Humanism

by Tibor R. Machan

In modern times humanism has been associated with Karl Marx and one of his teachers, Ludwig Feuerbach.  The latter was an atheist who believed that it wasn't God who created man but the other way around.  Since, however, this left no one to command us to do the right thing, an alternative source of morality was proposed by Feuerbach, namely, humanism.

A humanist argues, not unlike Socrates did, that ethics or morality rests on an understanding of human nature.  What is right and wrong depend on what kind of beings we are.  Because of our free will, we, unlike other animals, are capable of doing violence to our own nature.  But we ought to choose to follow it, instead.

As it happens, Marx, who took quite a few of his ideas from Feuerbach, held a collectivist conception of human nature.  "The human essence," he said in his famous essay "On the Jewish Question," "is the true collectivity of man."

So the desire to find ethical guidance from an understanding of human nature came to the advocacy of an out and out collectivist morality.  If, as Marx held, we are specie-beings, so that our flourishing or development in life must be achieved together, in concert; if individuality is a myth and collectivity the norm, then humanistic ethics and politics will, accordingly, be collectivist.

The two most emphatic humanists of this kind were Karl Marx and Auguste Comte.  They both thought that only a secular understanding of human affairs made sense but they also embraced a conception of human nature that left little room for the fact of human individuality. As a result most humanists have been socialists, communists, or something close to these and have found capitalism anathema to human nature.

This is very unfortunate because although flourishing among others is a crucial attribute of human life, the essential individuality of human beings cannot be denied.  Even engaging in arguments testifies to this, let alone the incredible diversity evident throughout history and the globe, especially involving human creativity. Indeed, it is arguable that the most genuine humanism is individualism.

The issue of humanism is vita for several reasons.  Although fundamentalist religions will likely always be part of human life, there is also a growing awareness that ethics and morality, including our sense of justice, must gain a footing apart from theology or religion.  The reason is that faith is ineffable, ultimately.  It is too personal, too subjective, and thus it tends toward schism rather than harmony.  Whereas the humanist idea that an understanding of human nature, based on science and ordinary human reason, holds out promise.

Ethical ideals, if they are part of the human world, need to be ascertained in such a way that everyone who but consults his or her reason can grasp them.  Such a replacement of a more religious approach to ethics, now that the world has become so small, is a welcome idea.

However, if humanism remains wedded to collectivism, it will turn out to be a false and dangerous alternative to faith based ethics.

Tibor R. Machan holds the R. C. Hoiles Chair in Business Ethics and Free Enterprise at the Argyros School of Chapman University.  http://szatyor2693.wordpress.com/

Lessons in Freedom: More Environmentalist Confusions

by Tibor R. Machan

The New York Observer reported in its April 15, 2013, issue (B 1) that Leonardo DiCaprio is teaming up with Christie’s in New York City, to hold a “major philanthropic auction.” I am not interested in the details, which appear to me a kind of kiss up to fellow celebrities on the political/cultural Left.  But the following statement from the actor is quite instructive:

The Observer reports: ‘’The world’s forests, oceans and biodiversity provide us with innumerable benefits like oxygen to breathe, clean water to drink, and an abundant food supply,’ Mr. DiCaprio wrote in a letter to artists asking for donations, on his foundation’s stationary, the promotional item mentioned above. ‘And yet our planet and these vital ecosystems that sustain life are under enormous pressures from modern civilization’.”

Trouble is that from an environmentalist viewpoint the enormous pressure of which DiCaprio speaks is itself part of the environment, not some independent natural force.  In short, modern civilization is part of the system!  If it causes harm, that means the system itself is causing harm.

This is an inescapable fact.  Environmentalists have no justification for removing people, including the people of modern civilization, from the environment.  From their viewpoint, we are all in it together. We are all parts of nature, as well.

Interestingly a good many environmentalists are also animal rights champions and their argument includes the idea that human beings aren’t different from other animals in crucial respects. Tom Regan has argued that non-human animals possess virtually the same level of consciousness as we do and thus ascribing to them basic rights such as human beings have is justified.  The other main advocate of treating animals like humans are treated, which justifies “liberating” them, holds that the feelings and interests of non-human animals differ very little from those of human beings, something that once again warrants ascribing to them basic rights akin to those we ascribe to ourselves.

All this suggests that animal rights advocates who are environmentalists place human beings within the realm of nature. So the enormous pressure from modern civilization--i.e., people--is actually just one additional natural pressure, namely, evolutionary pressure.

The bottom line is that for environmentalists the contributions people make to environmental developments are natural ones and cannot be rejected as something alien. Pollution, technology, modern agriculture, etc., etc., are all part of nature as far as environmentalist are concerned (including Mr. DiCaprio). From his point of view, then, even the environmental movement is but an aspect of nature!  Its battles are natural battles, no different in principle from hurricanes, earthquakes, etc.
I point out all this mainly to reduce the rhetorical heat emanating from too many environmentalists whereby what they like about the world counts as natural but what they do not counts as alien.  That just will not do.

April 24, 2013

We are delighted to present Lessons in Freedom, essays by Dr. Tibor Machan, for your pleasure.

Dr. Machan holds the R. C. Hoiles Chair in Business Ethics & Free Enterprise at Chapman University's Argyros School of B&E.

Visit his web site here...

Lessons in Freedom: Good Samaritanism must be voluntary

by Tibor R. Machan

In the wake of vicious deeds like those committed at the Boston Marathon some folks are tempted to become irrational in their response.  For example, there is now a discussion at The New York Times where some people want to force others to lend a hand to those under attack.  Should bystanders be forced to help out or give evidence to the authorities?

No doubt good samaritanism is commendable in most cases--not, though, if it requires abandoning tasks that are important, such as caring for one’s children. Also good samaritanism often involves professionals who are on record committed to provide their service in times of emergency. So in effect, they have already volunteered to help out.

What some people are tempted to recommend is that a helping hand from anyone at all be coerced.  But, of course, that would merely multiply evil, not abate it.  Helping those being victimized has to be freely offered, never coerced. It is understandable that some folks in desperation support abandoning civilized conduct but it must be resisted.  Putting a gun to someone’s head so he or she will “help” out compounds the evil being perpetrated.  There is no justification for engaging in coercive conduct with the excuse that the results could be valuable.

We are delighted to present Lessons in Freedom, essays by Dr. Tibor Machan, for your pleasure.

Dr. Machan holds the R. C. Hoiles Chair in Business Ethics & Free Enterprise at Chapman University's Argyros School of B&E.

Visit his web site here...

Lessons in Freedom: No Difference in Ideology & Values

by Tibor R. Machan

When you consider what is the difference between the ideology of North Korea and that of the U. S. A., it is difficult to say.  In practical terms, of course, the U.S.A. is still largely individualistic but our leaders, especially President Obama, embraces a rhetoric that stresses togetherness, “everyone being in the same boat,” etc.  In short, America’s current administration has an ideology that is very close to what guides the North Korean communist government.

So when one tries to understand why these two countries are at loggerheads, why North Koreans are taught to hate America and why Americans see very little that’s desirable about North Korea, it is difficult.  The U. S. used to confidently differentiate itself from communist countries.  Not that the so called communists were pure or that America had been consistently individualist in the past but they did show loyalty to their respective messages.

When I was a kid in communist Hungary, one thing we had to do is march out to the Heroes’ Plaza most Saturdays to pledge our loyalty to Joseph Stalin, “our dear father.”  If we didn’t go along, our grades would reflect our rebellion and eventually we wouldn’t pass our courses.  We all had to be members of the Young Pioneers and fall in line with this communist youth group’s ideology.  I myself was even picked to be a member of a singing group of three youngsters and was sent around Budapest to sing communist songs at various schools.  My only way to show my resistance was not to stand at full attention while singing, something for which I was repeatedly reprimanded. I stood at "parade's rest."

How did most Hungarian kids manage to fail to be indoctrinated?  Mostly because the culture didn’t take kindly to collectivism.  And different individuals had their own ways of not falling in line, including based on their religion or ordinary history.  The thinking among Hungarians had been pretty chaotic but that, too, helped.  (I am not familiar enough with Korean culture to figure out whether it had prepared the people there for the gist of communist teaching!)

In America today the official, White House, rhetoric is pretty much in line with North Korean propaganda: "we are all in it together," to quote our president.  Individualism is ridiculed and demeaned not just by Mr. Obama but by the major thinkers on political issues at prominent universities, men like Michael Sandel at Harvard and women like Martha Nussbaum at the University of Chicago and Paul Krugman at Princeton.  These and many, many other widely published and almost revered teachers distance themselves from American individualism in virtually all their writings.

How can it be made clear to ordinary Americans why the North Korean regime is an adversary in how it thinks about political economic affairs?  Go figure!

We are delighted to present Lessons in Freedom, essays by Dr. Tibor Machan, for your pleasure.

Dr. Machan holds the R. C. Hoiles Chair in Business Ethics & Free Enterprise at Chapman University's Argyros School of B&E.

Visit his web site here...

Lessons in Freedom: Public Choice Theory is Overlooked

by Tibor R. Machan

Whenever public officials promise to manage affairs of state, I am baffled how they fail to pay heed to public choice theory.  This is the idea, for which the late, great James Buchanan, earned his Nobel Prize (an idea he developed with his friend and colleague Gordon Tullock in the book The Calculus of Consent: Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy [Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1962].).

The gist of it is that public servants, so called--politicians, bureaucrats, and their colleagues--tend to promote goals of their own even as they claim to be serving the public interest.  And this is not very difficult to grasp.

The public is, after all, a vast number of citizens whose interests vary enormously so it is a pure myth that there is a public interest that can be served by public servants.  Given this plain fact, whose interest will public servants serve?  The interest they consider important.

In the last analysis the so called public interest is really the private interests public officials like best.  Even the democratic process cannot sort out what the public interest is. (The best approximation is put forth by Thomas Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence where he identifies securing the protection of our basic rights as the purpose for which government is established, i.e., the public interest.)

Despite the hopelessness of pursuing and serving the public interest, politicians and their cheerleaders keep pretending that they have managed to overcome the hurdles facing them and assert that they are public servants instead of folks whose objectives are determined by lobbyists who represent innumerable, often conflicting, private and special interests.

I am confident that if one keeps the above in mind, one will have a clear picture of what is going on all the time in Washington, D.C. and other centers of political power.  Intentionally or not, the public servants are all serving private and special interests and are hoping that their own calculation of how to line these up will assure their reelection.  Because they all believe, earnestly, that somehow they will manage to figure out what is best for the country--or nation or state or the people or some equally nebulous body they claim they want to serve. (Or they are crooks!)

If they came to terms with public choice theory and learned the lesson it teaches, they would realize that the only public interest they can possibly serve is to secure the protection of the right to liberty of all citizens of the country.  These citizens will then figure out what is in their own interest and pursue it good and hard in their own sphere of influence, with their own families, friends and fellows.

Until and unless this is acknowledged and implemented by our so called public servants, there will simply continue a Hobbesian war of all against all to get a more or less sizable portion of the public wealth.  And even the current worries about the national debt can best be understood as a result of this failure to appreciate the implications of public choice theory (as well as the tragedy of the commons).

April 10, 2013

We are delighted to present Lessons in Freedom, essays by Dr. Tibor Machan, for your pleasure.

Dr. Machan holds the R. C. Hoiles Chair in Business Ethics & Free Enterprise at Chapman University's Argyros School of B&E.

Visit his web site here...